Reservoritis, una complicación del tratamiento quirúrgico de la colitis ulcerativa. Diagnóstico y tratamiento. Revisión / Pouchitis, a complication associated with the surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis. Diagnosis and treatment. Review

Resumen Del 20% al 30% de los pacientes con colitis ulcerativa (CU) son sometidos a cirugía, ya sea por intratabilidad, curso fulminante, aparición de displasia o cáncer de colon. La cirugía de elección es la proctocolectomía con reservorio ileoanal. Sin embargo, el 20%-50% de los pacientes presentan reservoritis a 10 años. El diagnóstico se realiza con base en las manifestaciones clínicas, las alteraciones endoscópicas y la histología. Los medicamentos utilizados en el tratamiento de la CU no son tan eficaces en la reservoritis y el tratamiento de primera línea es los antibióticos. Dependiendo de la respuesta inicial y el curso clínico de la entidad, se elegirá el tratamiento posterior. En esta revisión se discuten los aspectos más importantes con respecto a la epidemiología, diagnóstico, patogénesis y tratamiento de la reservoritis.

Abstract Between 20% and 30% of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) undergo surgery because it is not treatable or because it is associated with a fulminant course, dysplasia, or colon cancer. The surgery of choice is proctocolectomy with ileal-anal pouch. However, 20%-50% of patients present with pouchitis 10 years after surgery. The diagnosis is made based on clinical manifestations, endoscopic alterations, and histology. The drugs used in the treatment of UC are not as effective in pouchitis and the first-line treatment is antibiotics administration. Depending on the initial response and clinical course of the condition, subsequent treatment will be chosen. This review discusses the most important aspects of the epidemiology, diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment of pouchitis.

Abordagem diagnóstica e de manuseio da pouchite em doença inflamatória intestinal / Diagnostic and management approach to pouchitis in inflammatory bowel disease

ABSTRACT In patients with ulcerative colitis refractory to medical therapy, total proctocolectomy and posterior ileal-anal pouch anastomosis is the standard surgical therapy. One of the possible complications is pouchitis. Depending on the duration of the symptoms, it can be classified as acute, recurrent, or chronic. The latter, according to the response to therapy, can be defined as antibiotic-dependent or refractory. The treatment of pouchitis is based on the use of antibiotics and probiotics. Thiopurine and biological therapy have been suggested in patients with refractory pouchitis. Special care should be taken in the endoscopic surveillance of these patients, especially if they present risk factors such as dysplasia or previous colorectal cancer, primary sclerosing cholangitis or ulcerative colitis for more than 10 years.

RESUMO Em pacientes com colite ulcerativa refratária à terapia médica, a proctocolectomia total e anastomose de bolsa ileal-anal posterior é a terapia cirúrgica padrão. Uma das possíveis complicações é a pouchite. Dependendo da duração dos sintomas, pode ser classificado como aguda, recorrente ou crônica. Esta última, de acordo com a resposta à terapia, pode ser definida como dependente de antibióticos ou refratária a eles. O tratamento da pouchite baseia-se no uso de antibióticos e probióticos. A thiopurina e a terapia biológica têm sido sugeridas em pacientes com pouchite refratária. Um cuidado especial deve ser tomado na vigilância endoscópica desses pacientes, especialmente se apresentarem fatores de risco, como displasia ou câncer colorretal anterior, colangite esclerosante primária ou colite ulcerativa por mais de 10 anos.

Nutritional approach as therapeutic manipulation in inflammatory bowel disease

Malnutrition is observed more frequently in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) than in the general population and associated with adverse clinical outcomes. This study aimed to review the current knowledge regarding the efficacy of dietary and nutritional intervention in IBD patients. Exclusive enteral nutrition might be inferior to corticosteroid treatment in adults with active Crohn’s disease (CD) but might even be superior considering the adverse effects of corticosteroid treatment in children. Total parenteral nutrition has no advantage over enteral nutrition, which is considered a more physiologic modality in organ function. Current guidelines do not yet recommend ω3-polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for the prevention and maintenance of remission in IBD patients. Dietary fiber supplementation could be effective in the relief of symptoms and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis (UC). Although vitamin D may be favorable to clinical course of IBD and bone density. Probiotic supplementation has proven to be effective in preventing and treating pouchitis for UC but is less effective in treating CD. Nutritional interventions not only correct nutritional deficiencies but also improve symptoms and clinical courses of the disease. Hence, nutritional approaches need to be developed to significantly evaluate the effectiveness of dietary interventions used to treat IBD.

Reservoritis/pouchitis: fisiopatología y manejo basado en la evidencia / Reservoirs/pouchitis: physiopathology and evidence-based management

Pouchitis is a frequent complication following proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis, mainly in patients with ulcerative colitis. Though etiology is still unknown, evidence shows that there is a relation with host microbiota. Management of chronic refractory pouchitis is challenging, and current evidence showns that the use of biologic agents may have a favourable response.

La reservoritis es una complicación frecuente en pacientes en quienes se ha practicado una proctocolectomía con reservorio ileal, principalmente en pacientes con colitis ulcerosa. La etiología si bien es desconocida, la evidencia actual apunta a que exista una relación con la microbiota del huésped. La reservoritis refractaria crónica es un desafio en el manejo y actualmente ha surgido evidencia que apunta que el uso de biológicos puede tener una respuesta favorable.

Systematic review: the burden of post-operative complications following colectomy for ulcerative colitis

Background: Ulcerative colitis [UC] patients failing medical management require colectomy

Methods: Literature search in MEDLINE , CINAHL and Embase, targeting studies reporting the outcomes of colorectal procedures [from 2002 to 2016 with total and subtotal colectomy postoperative complications in adults with ulcerative colitis as an endpoint. Texts and authoritative Web sites were also reviewed then identification of papers according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and data extraction were performed by two independent researchers

Results: Following data extraction and synthesis, we identified 24 articles for review. Reporting outcomes from procedures conducted from 2002-2016. Most frequent short-term complications: infectious complications and ileus [mean incidence 21% and 19%], while most frequent long-term complications: pouchitis, fecal incontinence and small bowel obstruction [mean incidence 31%, 22% and 18%]. Post-operative early complications [

Conclusion: Although Colectomy remains an appropriate therapeutic strategy for specific groups of patients- it is not the optimal cure for UC. Clinicians need to fully understand the various postoperative complications and comorbidities that are highly prevalent with over a third of patients expected to experience long-term or late arising post-operative complications. Thus, while surgical procedures are recommended as an appropriate therapeutic strategy for a specific group of patients, the post-operative complications associated with these surgical procedures should not be underestimated

Application of ileal D-pouch anal anastomosis in the treatment of ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis / 中华胃肠外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the clinical outcomes of ileal D-pouch anal anastomosis in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Clinical and follow-up data of 6 UC patients and 5 FAP patients undergoing proctocolectomy and D-ileum pouch anal anastomosis between October 2014 and March 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. End-to-side anastomosis was firstly performed in ileal cutting end and ileum, then side-to-side anastomosis was operated in closing amphi-loop to construct the D-ileum pouch.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean age of the patients was 42 years (range 18 to 61 years), 5 patients were female. The duration of surgery was (225±23) min, the operation time to D-ileum pouch was (18±4) min, the volume of D-ileum pouch was (175±15) ml, the blood loss was (110±30) ml. There was no procedure-related death, however rectum perforation occurred in 1 male UC patient during operation. The postoperative hospital stay was 8 to 11 days (mean 8.5 days). The follow-up period was 2 to 7 months (median 3 months). One female FAP patient suffered from anal anastomosis vagina fistula 21 days after operation. No pouch-related fistula, anastomosis or input loop stricture fecal incontinence, and severe pouchitis were recorded. The defecation frequency was 4 to 6 times per day (UC) and 3 to 5 times per day (FAP) 6 months after operation. No night-time fecal leakage was complained in those patients. Wexner incontinence score was 3±2 and GQLI was 114±11 one month after operation. Clinical outcome in the first month was excellent in 10 patients and good in 1 patient.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>After total colorectal resection for UC and FAP patients, application of D-ileum pouch can clear ileal stump of pouch and avoid the pouch-associated complications effectively.</p>

Relationship between the Severity of Diversion Colitis and the Composition of Colonic Bacteria: A Prospective Study

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Diversion colitis is the inflammation of the excluded segment of the colon in patients undergoing ostomy. It has been suggested that a change in colonic flora may lead to colitis; however, direct evidence for this disease progression is lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the severity of diversion colitis and the composition of colonic bacteria. METHODS: We used culture methods and polymerase chain reaction to analyze the colonic microflora of patients who underwent rectal cancer resection with or without diversion ileostomy. In the diversion group, we also evaluated the severity of colonoscopic and pathologic colitis before reversal. RESULTS: This study enrolled 48 patients: 26 in the diversion group and 22 in the control group. Significant differences were observed between the two groups in the levels of Staphylococcus (p=0.038), Enterococcus (p<0.001), Klebsiella (p<0.001), Pseudomonas (p=0.015), Lactobacillus (p=0.038), presence of anaerobes (p=0.019), and Bifidobacterium (p<0.001). A significant correlation between the severity of colitis and bacterial composition was only observed for Bifidobacterium (p=0.005, correlation coefficient=-0.531). CONCLUSIONS: The colonic microflora differed significantly between the diversion and control groups. Bifidobacterium was negatively correlated with the severity of diversion colitis.

Histopathological evaluation and risk factors related to the development of pouchitis in patients with ileal pouches for ulcerative colitis

OBJECTIVE: Many changes in mucosal morphology are observed following ileal pouch construction, including colonic metaplasia and dysplasia. Additionally, one rare but potential complication is the development of adenocarcinoma of the reservoir. The aim of this study was to evaluate the most frequently observed histopathological changes in ileal pouches and to correlate these changes with potential risk factors for complications. METHODS: A total of 41 patients were enrolled in the study and divided into the following three groups: a non-pouchitis group (group 1) (n = 20; 8 males; mean age: 47.5 years) demonstrating optimal outcome; a pouchitis without antibiotics group (group 2) (n = 14; 4 males; mean age: 47 years), containing individuals with pouchitis who did not receive treatment with antibiotics; and a pouchitis plus antibiotics group (group 3) (n = 7; 3 males; mean age: 41 years), containing those patients with pouchitis who were administered antibiotics. Ileal pouch endoscopy was performed, and tissue biopsy samples were collected for histopathological analysis. RESULTS: Colonic metaplasia was found in 15 (36.6%) of the 41 patients evaluated; of these, five (25%) were from group 1, eight (57.1%) were from group 2, and two (28.6%) were from group 3. However, no correlation was established between the presence of metaplasia and pouchitis (p = 0.17). and no differences in mucosal atrophy or the degree of chronic or acute inflammation were observed between groups 1, 2, and 3 (p>0.45). Moreover, no dysplasia or neoplastic changes were detected. However, the degree of mucosal atrophy correlated well with the time of postoperative follow-up (p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The degree of mucosal atrophy, the presence of colonic metaplasia, and the degree of acute or chronic inflammation do not appear to constitute risk factors for the development of pouchitis. Moreover, we observed that longer postoperative follow-up times were associated with greater degrees of mucosal atrophy.

Outcome of total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis / 대한외과학회지

PURPOSE: We evaluated the risk factors for late complications and functional outcome after total proctocolectomy (TPC) with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) for ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS: Pre- and postoperative clinical status and follow-up data were obtained for 55 patients who underwent TPC with IPAA between 1999 and 2010. The median follow-up duration was 4.17 years. Late complications were defined as those that appeared at least one month after surgery. For a functional assessment, telephone interviews were conducted using the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale. Twenty-eight patients completed the interview. RESULTS: Late complications were found in 20 cases (36.3%), comprising pouchitis (n = 8), bowel obstruction (n = 5), ileitis (n = 3), pouch associated fistula (n = 2), and intra-abdominal infection (n = 2). The preoperative serum albumin level for patients with late complications was lower than for patients without (2.4 +/- 0.5 vs. 2.9 +/- 0.7, P = 0.04). Functional outcomes were not significantly associated with clinical characteristics, follow-up duration, operation indication, or late complications. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that a low preoperative albumin level could be a risk factor for late complications of TPC with IPAA. Preoperative nutritional support, especially albumin, could reduce late complications. Functional outcomes are not related to late complications.

Diagnosis and treatment of pouchitis and pouch dysfunction / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) has become the surgical treatment of choice for patients with medically refractory ulcerative colitis (UC) or UC with dysplasia and for the majority of patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. However, UC patients with IPAA are susceptible to a number of inflammatory and non-inflammatory sequelae, such as pouchitis, Crohn disease(CD) of the pouch, cuffitis, and irritable pouch syndrome, in addition to common surgery-associated complications, which adversely affect the surgical outcome and compromise patient's health-related quality of life. Pouchitis is the most frequent long-term complication of IPAA in patients with UC, with a cumulative prevalence of up to 50%. Pouchitis may be classified based on the etiopathogenesis into "idiopathic" and "secondary" types and the management is often different. Pouchoscopy is the most important tool for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis in patients with pouch dysfunction. Antibiotic therapy is the main stay of treatment for active pouchitis. Some patients may develop dependency on antibiotics, requiring long-term maintenance therapy. While management of antibiotic-dependent or antibiotic-refractory pouchitis has been challenging, secondary etiology for pouchitis should be evaluated and modified, if possible.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Gut Microbiota and Probiotics

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a complex disorder characterized by abdominal symptoms including chronic abdominal pain or discomfort and altered bowel habits. The etiology of IBS is multifactorial, as abnormal gut motility, visceral hypersensitivity, disturbed neural function of the brain-gut axis and an abnormal autonomic nervous system are all implicated in disease progression. Based on recent experimental and clinical studies, it has been suggested that additional etiological factors including low-grade inflammation, altered gut microbiota and alteration in the gut immune system play important roles in the pathogenesis of IBS. Therefore, therapeutic restoration of altered intestinal microbiota may be an ideal treatment for IBS. Probiotics are live organisms that are believed to cause no harm and result in health benefits for the host. Clinical efficacy of probiotics has been shown in the treatment or prevention of some gastrointestinal inflammation-associated disorders including traveler's diarrhea, antibiotics-associated diarrhea, pouchitis of the restorative ileal pouch and necrotizing enterocolitis. The molecular mechanisms, as cause of IBS pathogenesis, affected by altered gut microbiota and gut inflammation-immunity are reviewed. The effect of probiotics on the gut inflammation-immune systems and the results from clinical trials of probiotics for the treatment of IBS are also summarized.

Reservorio ileal con anastomosis reservorio anal por colitis ulcerosa: Complicaciones y resultados funcionales a largo plazo / Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis: Complications and long term functional results

Background: The ileo anal-pouch-anastomosis (IPAA) is the treatment of choice for patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Aim To analyze the surgical outcomes, long term evolution and functional results of IPAA. Material and methods: All patients subjected to an IPAA, from 1984 to 2006 were identified from a prospectively constructed inflammatory bowel disease database. Surgical variables, postoperative complications and functional evaluation, using Oresland score were analyzed. Chi square, Fischer exact test, T Student, Mann Whitney and binary logistic regression were included in the statistical analysis. Results: In the study period 107 patients, aged 14 to 62 years (61 females), subjected to an IPAA, were identified in this period. All patients, except 4, had a J pouch. All were protected with a loop ileostomy Thirteen patients (12.1 percent) had specific postoperative complications: pelvic collections in five (4.6 percent), wound infection in four (3.7 percent), fistula of the anastomosis in two (1.8 percent), hemoperitoneum and pouch necrosis in one each. Three (2.7 percent) patients were reoperated. There was no post-operative (30 days) mortality. A complete follow-up was obtained in 106 of 107 patients: four evolved as Crohn disease; four lost their pouch and two died for other causes. One patient required an ileostomy due to a vaginal fistula. Seventy two patients were followed more than 36 months after ileostomy closure and 92 percent have a satisfactory intestinal function. In the univariate analysis, poorest intestinal function was related to age of diagnosis of UC and presence of chronic pouchitis. In the multivariate analyses age of diagnosis was associated with poor function. Conclusions: IPAA has a low rate of complications. The long term intestinal function is satisfactory in most patients. A poorer intestinal function was observed in older patients and those with chronic pouchitis).

Risk Factors of Pouch Failure after a Restorative Proctocolectomy

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyze the risk factors of pouch failure after a restorative proctocolectomy. METHODS: A restorative proctocolectomy was performed in 169 patients between November 1989 and May 2007. A retrospective review was done for postoperative complications and follow-up results of pouch failure, and the risk factors of pouch failure were analyzed. Pouch failure was defined as having occurred when a permanent ileostomy was constructed, regardless of pouch removal. The median follow-up was 48 (3~155) months. RESULTS: Among the 169 cases, 86 cases involved ulcerative colitis (UC group), 70 cases involved familial adenomatous polyposis or attenuated adenomatous polyposis coli (FAP group), and the remaining 13 involved hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer or synchronous colon and rectal caner (CRC group). The sex ratios and the incidences of comorbidity were not significantly different between the groups, but the mean ages were. Complications occurred in 61 patients (36.1%): pelvic sepsis (28 cases), pouchitis (23 cases), desmoid tumor (12 cases), wound infection (10 cases), and anastomosis stricture (4 cases). The 5-year cumulative rate of pouch failure was 9.8%. Presence of a desmoid tumor, pelvic sepsis, and anastomosis stricture were risk factors of pouch failure. CONCLUSIONS: The cumulative pouch failure rate after a restorative proctocolectomy was 9.8% for 5 years, and pouch failure was associated with the presence of a desmoid tumor, pelvic sepsis, and anastomosis stricture.

Atividade inflamatória em mucosa de reservatório ileal na polipose adenomatosa familiar e retocolite ulcerativa inespecífica: avaliação da expressão de TNF-alfa e IL-1beta, e da ativação NF- kapaB / Inflammatory activity in pelvic ileal pouches for familial adenomatous polyposis and ulcerative colitis: expression of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and the activation of NF- kappaB

A ileíte do reservatório pós retocolectomia total constitui uma das complicações mais comuns nos doentes com RCUI, apresentando pequena freqüência nos doentes com PAF. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a atividade inflamatória em mucosa de reservatórios ileais endoscopicamente normais, através da expressão de TNF-alfa, NF-kapaB e IL-1beta. CASUíSTICA E MÉTODOS: Selecionaram-se 20 doentes submetidos à retocolectomia total com reservatório ileal em "J" pelo Grupo de Coloproctologia da UNICAMP, sendo 10 doentes com RCUI e 10 com PAF. O grupo controle foi constituído por íleo terminal de intestino normal. Realizadas biópsias da mucosa do reservatório ileal e do íleo terminal normal, e congeladas em nitrogênio líquido. A expressão de TNF-alfa e IL-1beta foi analisada por extrato total e de NF-kB por meio de imunoprecipitado. A separação protéica foi feita por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida. RESULTADOS: Expressão de TNF-alfa e IL-1beta apresentaram níveis maiores nos doentes com RCUI, quando comparados àqueles com PAF (p<0.05). Por outro lado, a expressão de NF-kapaB foi maior nos doentes com RCUI, porém sem diferença estatística em relação aos de PAF. O grupo controle apresentou pequena expressão de TNF-alfa (p<0.01) e expressão de NF-kapaB (p>0.1) e IL-1beta (p > 0.05) sem diferença estatística em relação aos demais grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Os doentes com RCUI apresentaram maiores níveis de expressão das citocinas estudadas, mesmo sem evidência clínica e endoscópica de ileíte do reservatório, podendo justificar maior suscetibilidade dos doentes com RCUI a esta complicação.

Pouchitis after total retocolectomy is one of the most common complication of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), while its frequency is quite rare in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). PURPOSE: To evaluate the inflammatory activity in endoscopicaly normal mucosa of the ileal pouch, by determining the expression of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, and the activation of NF-kappaB. METHODS AND PATIENTS: Twenty patients with "J" pouch after total retocolectomy were studied, being 10 patients with UC and 10 with FAP. The control group was constituted by biopsies from terminal ileum take during normal colonoscopy examination. Biopsies from mucosa of the pouch and from normal ileum were done, and they were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen. The expression of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta were analyzed by total extract, and NF-kappaB was evaluated by immunoprecipitation and immunoblot. RESULTS: Expression of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta was increased in patients with UC, when it was compared with FAP (p<0.05). Conversely, the expression of NF-kappaB was increased in patients with UC, witch was not different from FAP. The control group had little expression of TNF-alpha (p<0.01). The activation of NF-kappaB (p>0.1) and the expression of IL-1beta (p>0.05) were similar, when comparing UC and FAP with control group. CONCLUSION: The patients with UC presented increased levels of the studied cytokines, even without clinic and endoscope evidence of pouchitis. These findings could be a suggestion of higher susceptibility to this complication among patients with UC.

The P-pouch: a New Ileal Reservoir Used in Restorative Proctocolectomy

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a P-pouch configuration with a reservoir and recycled segment in restorative proctocolectomy. METHODS: There were 11 patients who underwent the P-pouch procedure. They were compared with healthy eight-control subjects. The P-pouch configuration was constructed using one firing of a 10 cm GIA stapler to form a 12-cm reservoir. Following that, the distal ileum (15+/-0.5 cm) was anastomosed to the proximal portion of the pouch. Pouch function was studied 23.3+/-4.4 months after ileostomy closure. We measured the frequency and amount of stool. The postprandial plasma peptide YY (PYY) response and the scintigraphic studies using 99m-Tc sulfur colloid were used to study transit. RESULTS: In the patient group, daily stool frequency and volume were 5.2+/-0.3 and 423.5+/-23.7 g, respectively. Stool seepage and pouchitis occurred in 45.5 % and 9.1%. In contrast to other pouch procedures, the postprandial increment of plasma PYY was similar the P-pouch patients and healthy controls (P>0.05). The integrated increment of plasma PYY for 180 minutes following meals was also not decreased in 9-pouch patient group compared with the healthy controls (1,050.0+/-127.8 pmol/l vs. 1146.0+/-150.0 pmol/l, P>0.05). Small intestinal transit time for healthy controls and the patient group averaged 89+/-21 and 117+/-12 minutes (P>0.05). The capacity of the ileal pouch was 372+/-22 ml, and the efficiency of ileal reservoir evacuation was 76 %. CONCLUSIONS: The P-pouch is a new and improved simple modification of the well-established J-pouch procedure, constructed using a single firing of a GIA stapler.

Diagnóstico y tratamiento de pouchitis: presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Diagnostic and treatment of pouchitis: presentation of a case and review of the literature

Introducción: la proctocolectomía total con anastomosis ileo-anal en J es el procedimiento de elección para el tratamiento de la colitis ulcerosa. La inflamación inespecífica del pouch (pouchitis) es la complicación más frecuente del postoperatorio alejado. Se presenta un caso clínico de pouchitis, analizando el manejo diagnóstico y terapéutico de la entidad con revisión de la literatura al respecto. Lugar de Aplicación: Hospital de alta complejidad "Pte. Juan Domingo Perón", Formosa, Argentina. Diseño: presentación de caso clínico y revisión de la literatura. Pacientes y Métodos: mujer de 25 años, intervenida quirúrgicamente en 1995 por colitis ulcerosa, realizándose proctocolectomía total + anastomosis ileo-anal con pouch en J. En marzo de 2005 consulta por dolor abdominal, diarrea, hemoproctorragia, pujo y tenesmo rectal. Se realiza videocolonoscopía, observándose mucosa edematosa, friable y ulceraciones.Se toman muestras de biopsia. Anatomopatológicamente se informa: "mucosa intestinal con foco de ulceración, lámina propia con intenso edema, congestión vascular e infiltrado inflamatorio lifoplasmocitario y polimorfonuclear. Diagnóstico: pouchitis crónica con marcada actividad". Se indica tratamiento con Ciprofloxacina 500 mg. vía oral durante 15 días, evidenciándose mejoría clínica. Se repite videocolonoscopía, observándose remisión del cuadro. Resultados: La incidencia de pouchitis varía entre 10 y 50 por ciento. Los síntomas son inespecíficos: cólicos abdominales, artralgias, incontinencia, diarrea, hemoproctorragia, pujo y tenesmo rectal. La sospecha debe ser confirmada con endoscopía y toma de biopsias del pouch. Se comparó ciprofloxacina oral con metronidazol. La ciprofloxacina resultó más efectiva, con menores efectos colaterales. Conclusiones: La pouchitis es la complicación tardía más común asociada al procedimiento de reservorio pélvico. De etiología poco entendida, el sobrecrecimiento bacteriano puede contribuir al desarrollo de este proceso. La...

Analysis of Pouchitis after Restorative Proctocolectomy / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Pouchitis is one of the most common and debilitating complications of a restorative proctocolectomy. We aimed to analyze the features of pouchitis after restorative proctocolecomy and to determine the risk factors related to its development. METHODS: A study was undertaken in 169 patients who underwent total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis between July 1989 and December 2003. Pouchitis was defined as change of bowel habit, change in stool consistency, hematochezia or abdominal pain, febrile sensation and/or low-grade fever improved by metronidazole or ciprofloxacin without evidence of infectious disease and sphincter damage. RESULTS: Among the 169 patients, patients with ulcerative colitis were 64, familial and attenuated adenomatous polyposis 44, Crohn's disease 2, and synchronous or hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer were 59 cases. Overall, pouchitis occurred in 15.9% of the patients. The incidence was 37.5% in ulcerative colitis, 1% in non-ulcerative colitis, and 50% in Crohn's disease. In ulcerative colitis group, most of the pouchitis (60.9%) occurred within 6 months after the operation and the remainder experienced the first attack within 1 year after operation. Three patients progressed to chronic pouchitis. There was no association between pouchitis rate and sex, history of smoking, steroid use, temporary ileostomy construction, involvement of appendix or proximal colon, and evidence of indeterminate colitis. Only age was significantly related to the occurrence of pouchitis. CONCLUSIONS: Pouchitis developed exclusively in ulcerative colitis than other disease groups. Pouchitis occurred most frequently within 6 months after the operation, therefore, it is important to investigate carefully during one year after the operation in patients with ulcerative colitis.

Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics / 소아과

There is scientific evidence that administration of probiotics is effective in the treatment of acute infectious diarrhea in children and the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea and nosocomial/ community acquired diarrhea. Probiotics prevent relapse of recurrent pouchitis and decrease the initial onset of pouchitis in ulcerative colitis. Probiotic organisms suppress growth of pathogens as well as their epithelial attachment and/or invasion either directly by secreting antimicrobial substances or by stimulating host expression of protective molecules. Additionally, probiotics enhance mucosal barrier function and can stimulate host production of immunosuppressive molecules that downregulate inflammatory responses or allergic immune response. Mechanisms of action explain therapeutic effects and randomized controlled trials are warranted before recommendations for therapeutic or preventive use can be given.

Experiencias clinicoquirúrgicas con 51 bolsas ileales / Clinical and surgical experiences with 51 ileal bags

Antecedentes. La proctocolectomía total con reconstrucción con bolsa ileal (BI) se ha convertido en la cirugía para pacientes con colitis ulcerativa (CU) y las diferentes formas de síndromes polipósicos (SP). Propósito. Informar los resultados de ocho años de experiencia con la proctocolectomía total por enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal y SP y la reconstrucción con bolsa ileal. Métodos. Se evaluaron en forma prospectiva 51 pacientes sometidos a BI desde 1994 al 2002. El diagnóstico histopatológico preoperatorio fue CU (n=39), síndromes de poliposis múltiple (n=10), dos enfermos con Crohn y una resección masiva de colon por cáncer. Se obtuvo información referente a los aspectos demográficos, tipo y duración de la enfermedad, cirugías previas e indicación de la cirugía. Se registraron las complicaciones tempranas (30 días después de la cirugía) y las tardías. El seguimiento incluye la funcionalidad de la bolsa al año, el examen físico, y las biopsias de la bolsa y la zona de transición cuando ésta estaba indicada. Resultados. Los 51 pacientes (24 mujeres) tuvieron un seguimiento promedio de 44,5 meses (rango de 12 a 108 meses), el diagnóstico histopatológico se cambió en dos pacientes de CU a EC. La tasa de mortalidad global fue de 2% (un paciente), relacionada con sepsis perianal 45 meses después de realizarle la BI. La morbilidad global es de 65% (73 complicaciones en 33 pacientes; tempranas 39% y tardías en 49%), la estancia promedio fue de 8,9 días (rango de 6 a 25 días). Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron las obstructivas en 36% (20% tempranas), sépticas en 22% (18% tempranas) y las reintervenciones en 26% (15% tempranas). La complicación tardía, más frecuente fue la "pouchitis" en 29,4%. La bolsa ileal se retiró en un paciente (2%) y en todos los demás es funcional. El índice de satisfacción fue de bueno-excelente en 82%, regular en 16% y malo en 2%. Conclusiones. La proctocolectomía total con reconstrucción con bolsa ileal es un procedimiento seguro, con baja mortalidad pero con una alta morbilidad. Aunque la morbilidad total es apreciable, los resultados funcionales son buenos y la satisfacción del paciente es aceptable.

Background: Restorative proctocolectomy and ileal pouch (IP) has become an established surgery for patients with chronic ulcerative colitis and poliposis syndromes. Purpose: The authors report the results of 8-year experience of restorative proctocolectomy and IP. Methods: Chart review was performed for 51 patients undergoing IP from 1994 through 2002. Preoperative histopathologic diagnoses were ulcerative colitis (n=39), poliposis syndromes (n=10), 2 Crohn disease and 1 patient with colorectal cancer and extended resection. Information was obtained regarding patient demographics, type and duration of diseases, previous operations, and indications for surgery. Early (within 30 days after surgery) and late complications were noted. Follow-up included an annual function, physical examination, and biopsies of the pouch and anal transitional zone when were indicated. Results: Of the 51 patients (24 women) with mean follow-up time of 44,5 months (range 12-108 months), histopathologic diagnoses of ulcerative colitis were changed for Crohn’s disease in 2 patients. The overall mortality rate was 2% (1 patient), one death was related to perineal sepsis 45 months after ileal pouch. The overall morbidity rate was 65% (73 complications in 33 patients; early 39%; late 49%) the mean hospitalary stancy was 8,9 days (range 6-25 days). Small bowel obstruction, septic complication and reoperation rates were 36%, 22% and 26%, respectively. The most frecuent late complication was "pouchitis" (31,8%). The ileal pouch was removed in 1 patient, and it is functional in 50 (98%). There was a satisfactory index with 82% with excelent-good results, and 16% and 2% with regular and bad results. Conclusions: Restorative proctocolectomy with an IP is a safe procedure, with low mortality and major morbidity rates. Although total morbidity rate is appreciable, functional results generally are good and patient satisfaction is acceptable.